The following is an explanation on the background and history of
the title of lance corporal as presently used by the U.S. Marine
Corps for its Marines serving in that rank/grade between private
first class and corporal. This information has been reviewed from available
sources as indicated; it is intended as an explanation as to how
the present use of the lance corporal rank in the USMC came about,
but it is not intended as a treatise on the title of lance corporal
in general as used by other armed forces of the world throughout
history.
"From 1908 until the armistice of 11 November 1918, there were
but two major changes in the Marine Corps enlisted rank structure.
By 1 January 1914, the gunnery sergeant had been returned to the
top pay grade along with the sergeant major, drum major, quartermaster
sergeant, and first sergeant; (115) and in 1917, the grade of private
first class was authorized. (116)
In requesting the Secretary of the Navy to approve the grade of
private first class, the Commandant based his argument on the fact
that the Army had established a similar grade the previous year.
Since the organization of the Marine Corps, at least for expeditionary
service, was much like that of the Army, the Commandant felt that
the new grade was necessary. (117) The Secretary of the Navy agreed;
and the coming of the private first class sounded the death knell
of another Marine Corps tradition, for the new rank ended the usefulness
of the lance corporal.
Lance corporals and lance sergeants had been a part of the Marine
Corps as far back as the 1830s and probably even earlier. (118) By
1877, the practice of detailing corporals to act
as sergeants and privates to assume the duties of corporals had become
so widespread that the Commandant directed that such appointments
be only one month in duration. If, at the end of that time, the individual
could not pass an examination for the grade in which he was serving
temporarily, his appointment should go to someone else. (119) In
spite of the creation of the private first class, lance rank died
hard. A chevron for lance corporal appeared in uniform regulations
of 1929 (120) and one writer on Marine Corps tradition asserts that
privates were being detailed lance corporals as recently as 1937.
(121)"
"...reemphasis on the role of the senior noncommissioned officers
was followed by a sweeping revision of the enlisted rasnks and grades
of the Marine Corps in 1958, after Congress amended the Career Compensation
Act of 1949 and authorized two new pay grades, (E-8) and (E-9). (174)
This revision was designed to relieve the crowding at the E-7 grade,
caused by the rapid World War II output of noncommissioned officers
and, since then, by the moving up--appropriately enough--of the specifically
skilled men which every service was requiring more and more. The
end result, however, was an unbalanced structure, too heavy at the
top."
"A transitional period of dual grade structures, to end entirely
on 1 January
1965, was worked out to insure that no Marine would lose stripes.
This was
achieved by establishing "acting" ranks, so that all Marines
would be able to
retain their existing titles, insignia, and privileges. Upon promotion,
they would
assume the new rank titles. The prefix "acting," however,
was abolished by the
Commandant on 1 August 1960, and the end of the transitional period
for all
grades was moved up to 1 July 1963. (179)
In this revision of 1958, the ranks of corporal through master sergeant
were
upgraded one pay grade each, making room for an additional private
rank. The
sergeant major/first sergeant program was retained, with its historic
command
prestige, but a new technical leadership was introduced into the
top NCO levels,
in recognition of the ever-increasing complexity of waging modern
warfare, by
permitting E-8 and E-9 billets to be filled also by occupational
specialists. Since
technical adeptness was now required of quite a few others besides
the technical
sergeant, this title ceased to have value and it was deleted. Marines
holding that
rank were designated acting gunnery sergeants."
"The rank of corporal was placed in pay grade E-4 in order
to preserve his status as the junior NCO in the Marine Corps. The
rank of sergeant with three stripes, formerly E-4, was selected to
replace the rank of staff sergeant at E-5, in order to have two ranks
of NCOs and to remove one rank from the ranks of staff NCOs which
would start at Staff Sergeant in pay grade E-6. Personnel holding
the rank of staff sergeant would carry the title of acting staff
sergeant until promoted."
"The occasion also enabled the Marine Corps to reapply its
colorful history to the grade structure. The title of lance corporal,
first used by the Marines in the Indian Wars of 1830s was revived.
Now, for the first time, it was a permanent rank. In addition, the
memorable "gunny" -- the gunnery sergeant and the master
gunnery sergeant--was exhumed."
Note: The above quotes and those on the preceeding page pertain
to Reference 1, on Page Nos. 2&3

Note: The following is from the rank/insignia pages of the the book, "US
Marine Corps In World War I 1917-1918," which contains an abundance
of useful information for Marines, e.g. Organization, Uniforms, Aviators,
Insignia/Decorations, Weapons and Equipment, Rank Chart, etc.
"Marine NCOs wore forest green chevrons on red backing patches
on both arms of their P1917 coats. While many retained their chevrons
and buttons when converting to the Army M1912 tunic, some inevitably
came to use Army drab stripes. Early in 1918 the AEF authorized the
wear of chevrons on the right sleeve only, and this soon became the
standard. Late in the war the Marine Corps began to use the rank
of private first class (PFC), but the prescribed crossed rifles insignia
for this rank were not available in France until 1919.
The temporary titles of lance corporal or lance sergeant were also
used during the war; these semi-official ranks were awarded as a
sort of brevet to Marines who were serving as acting corporals or
sergeants. The single stripe of lance corporal rank was formally
authorized only for full dress use."
Note: The above quote pertains to Reference No. 2 on Pages No. 2&3
REFERENCES (below)
1. U.S. Marine Corps Ranks And Grades 1775-1969, Historical Division
HQMC 1970
2. US Marine Corps In World War I 1917-1918, Mark Henry Darko Pavlovic,
Osprey 1999
3. Royal Marine Ranks Compared With USMarines
4. The Gunnery Sergeant Rank In TheU.S.M.C.
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